

Both animal and human studies were included in the literature searches, summaries, and recommendations for future research produced in this project.

Each author used key words they determined to be most important to their field in designing their individual search strategy.

In addition, hand searches of the reference sections of studies judged to be important by the authors were also obtained. METHODS: PubMed, CINAHL, ICL, OSTMED, and MANTIS databases were searched by a multidisciplinary team for reports of basic science research (since 1995) related to spinal fixation (subluxation) and spinal adjusting (spinal manipulation). OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this white paper are to review and summarize the basic science literature relevant to spinal fixation (subluxation) and spinal adjusting procedures and to make specific recommendations for future research.
